Scientific electronic journal "Labor Economics and Human Capital"
scientific electronic journal
DIGITAL-PLATFORM ECOSYSTEM FOR EMPLOYMENT AND COMPETENCE MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
The article substantiates a digital platform ecosystem for managing employment, skills and job quality in Uzbekistan’s tourism industry. The relevance of the study is linked to the transition of national tourism towards large-scale digital infrastructure involving a unified national platform, artificial intelligence and big-data analytics. Digitalization is shown to generate a sustainable economic effect only when it extends beyond customer services to labour processes, recruitment, skills development, workload planning and labour-rights protection. The methodology combines functionalinstitutional modelling, business-process decomposition, comparative analysis, key performance indicator design and a risk-based approach. The proposed architecture integrates digital identification and e-onboarding, a skills marketplace, a micro-credential platform, AI-based workforce forecasting, dual monitoring of economic results and employment quality, algorithmic auditing, an appeals register and human review. The scientific novelty lies in interpreting the platform as an operational digital-labour infrastructure rather than merely a tourist-service channel. A KPI system and a management-response loop are developed to verify labour-economic effects. The model is intended for pilot implementation in tourism clusters and can contribute to reducing informal hiring, skill shortages and social-labour risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishankhodjaeva Dildora Aleksandrovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPLOYMEN T QUALITY AND DECENT WORK IN UZBEKISTAN’S DIGITAL TOURISM INDUSTRY: ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
The article develops a methodological approach to assessing employment quality and ensuring decent work in Uzbekistan’s tourism industry under digitalization. The research problem arises from the fact that rapid growth in tourist flows and service output does not automatically create formal, stable and high-quality jobs. The methodology combines institutional, labour-economic, comparative and structural-dynamic analysis with an integration of the International Labour Organization, OECD and Eurofound frameworks. A six-block assessment system is proposed, covering employment formalization and stability, income, working time and work intensity, occupational and psychosocial safety, skills development, and digital rights and procedural fairness. Evidence for 2020–2025 shows that tourist flows and nominal service output expanded much faster than employment, which substantiates a dual performance criterion linking productivity with employment quality. The scientific contribution consists in adapting the decent-work concept to the digital tourism environment and translating it into measurable sectoral indicators. Practical recommendations include an employment-quality dashboard, digital monitoring, and linking employer support measures to verified compliance with labour standards.
THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLYING MODELS OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN IMPROVING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
The article substantiates the importance of developing international cooperation within the process of higher education system transformation, as well as the necessity of analyzing the institutional, economic, innovative, and managerial aspects of this process. Theoretical approaches proposed by various scholars highlight the scientific aspects of modernizing the higher education system and adapting it to the conditions of global knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fozilova Gulsora Shavkatbekovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PLACE OF HUMAN BEINGS AND HUMAN CAPITAL IN ECONOMIC FORMATIONS
The article proposes the author's approach to examining the evolution of the place of human beings and human capital in economic formations, based on an analysis of changes in the role of individuals during the development of productive forces and economic relations. It is demonstrated that the evolution of economic systems has been accompanied by a consistent transformation of the position of human beings: from a biological participant in economic activity and a factor of production in the traditional economy to a bearer of labor power in industrial society, then to a bearer of human capital in the post-industrial economy, and ultimately to a strategic resource for sustainable socioeconomic development in the context of the knowledge economy and digital transformation. It is substantiated that the changing place of human beings in the economy is determined not only by technological progress but also by the evolution of the institutional environment, which shapes the conditions for the formation, accumulation, reproduction, and effective functioning of human capital. The study concludes that there is a need to shift from a policy focused on the utilization of labor resources toward a comprehensive human capital development policy, recognizing human capital as a key factor in enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy and ensuring long-term economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kholbaeva Sabina Rustamovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEMAND FOR HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY AND A STATISTICAL-INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL IMBALANCES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article provides a systematic analysis of the current state of the tourism industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the dynamics of investments directed to the sector, and the actual demand for human resources. Within the scope of the study, structural gaps between labor market requirements and the qualification levels of graduates from tourism education institutions (higher education institutions and vocational education) were assessed using empirical and statistical methods, with particular emphasis on the skills mismatch phenomenon. The findings reveal insufficient integration between the public and private sectors in preparing hospitality professionals who meet international standards. Based on the results, institutional recommendations were developed to enhance the effectiveness of human capital in the tourism sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullabekova Noilakhon Gofurjon qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SERVICE DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTION LOGISTICS
This study examines the integration of digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in the development of service systems within construction logistics. The research highlights the role of advanced digital solutions, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), Building Information Modeling (BIM), cloud computing, big data analytics, and blockchain, in improving the efficiency, transparency, and sustainability of logistics operations in the construction sector. The paper analyzes the impact of AI-driven decision support, predictive analytics, route optimization, demand forecasting, and automated resource management on reducing logistics costs, minimizing project delays, and enhancing supply chain resilience. Furthermore, the study identifies the key challenges associated with digital transformation, such as technological readiness, cybersecurity, workforce competencies, and investment requirements. Based on international best practices, practical recommendations are proposed to strengthen digital logistics services and improve the competitiveness of construction enterprises in the context of Industry 4.0.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qidirniyazov Ajiniyaz Sherniyazovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING STAFF TURNOVER IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION
This article develops a methodology for assessing staff turnover in higher education institutions and demonstrates its practical application using the example of Chirchik State Pedagogical University. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of official statistical data on the level of staff turnover in the higher education system of Uzbekistan. The author proposes an assessment model based on Turnover Rate and Retention Rate indicators, and analyzes real data for 2021–2025. The analysis found that the average turnover rate at the university was 2.3 percent, which is significantly lower than international norms. The results obtained are of practical importance for improving personnel policy in higher education institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xolmatov Muhriddin Mumin ugli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TAPIO DECOUPLING MODEL IN ASSESSING THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN REGIONAL ECONOMY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
This article explores issues related to improving the mechanism of energy resource utilization within the framework of regional economic development. To analyze the correlation between economic growth (GRP) and energy consumption, the decoupling model developed by Petri Tapio is examined. This model is proposed as a vital indicator for assessing the state of sustainable regional development and formulating energy policies. Furthermore, using the regions of Uzbekistan as a case study, the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is analyzed through the Tapio elasticity model. Based on statistical data from 2023–2024, the energy efficiency levels of the regions are evaluated, and differentiated economic mechanisms are proposed to enhance the "decoupling" effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pardayeva Maftuna Ulug’bek qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
The article explores the issues of developing the tourism sector under the conditions of digital transformation. The rapid development of digital technologies in the global economy has significantly influenced the structural and functional changes in the 163 tourism industry. The study analyzes the opportunities emerging in the tourism sector as a result of applying Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), blockchain technologies, and digital platforms. Furthermore, the scientific views of foreign and local scholars have been studied, and the main directions of tourism digitalization have been identified.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adilova Zulfiya Djavdatovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL TOURISM UNDER CROSS-BORDER CONDITIONS
The article considers the directions of increasing the efficiency of regional tourism in the Republic of Karakalpakstan by activating the internal reserves of the industry. The need for systematic use of interseasonal periods for personnel training, infrastructure certification, repair and improvement, as well as for organizing low-budget tourist programs is substantiated. The proposed measures are aimed at stabilizing employment, increasing enterprise income, improving the quality of tourist services, and forming a sustainable model of regional tourism development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naurizbayev Aliakbar Rustamovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIES IN ENTERPRISES
This article explores modern approaches to the formation of marketing strategies in enterprises, their theoretical foundations, and practical significance. It analyzes the role of marketing strategies in ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises in the context of globalization, digital transformation, and shifts in consumer behavior. Furthermore, to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing strategies, criteria such as customer acquisition rate, customer retention metrics, and return on investment (ROI) are analyzed. The research results indicate that enterprises utilizing modern marketing strategies experience an increase in customer loyalty and market share, optimization of marketing expenses, and enhanced profitability.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR CREATIVE USE OF THE PRACTICES OF THE USA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION IN UZBEKISTAN TO INCREASE THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL ATHLETE TRAINING SYSTEM THROUGH DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
The article identifies the opportunities for creative use of the practices of the USA, Germany and Great Britain, where the system of training of individual athletes through digital educational technologies is practiced in the world, in the conditions of Uzbekistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junaydullayev Mels Asliddin o’g’li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING THE REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LABOR MOBILITY IN UZBEKISTAN BASED ON THE BEVERIDGE DISPARITY
This article assesses the regional characteristics of labor mobility and labor market imbalances in Uzbekistan based on the Beveridge disparity. The study analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of labor mobility, systematizing its geographical, occupational-qualification, intersectoral, and digital forms. The regions of Uzbekistan are grouped by their functional role in labor flows, identifying labor-attracting and labor-supplying areas. A proxy-diagnostic coefficient of the classic Beveridge curve, adapted to regional conditions, was developed to evaluate structural mismatches between labor demand and supply across regions, based on labor market tightness and vacancy fill rates. The research findings revealed that the Beveridge disparity is relatively high in Jizzakh, Kashkadarya, Navoiy, Surxondarya, and Syrdarya regions, while Tashkent city exhibits the highest level of balance between labor market demand and supply. The study concludes with scientific and practical recommendations for stimulating labor mobility, improving regional employment policy, and integrating the proxy-diagnostic coefficient of the Beveridge disparity into the labor market monitoring system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakarov Zafar Gafforovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH THE RETRAINING OF UNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article examines how the rapid development of the digital economy is transforming the labor market, leading to the decline of traditional professions and the emergence of modern ones. The widespread adoption of automation and artificial intelligence technologies creates new demands, making the renewal of professional skills an urgent necessity. These processes directly affect unemployment levels and highlight the importance of retraining programs. Retraining courses not only reduce unemployment but also serve as an effective mechanism for poverty reduction. In Uzbekistan, poverty reduction is a priority of socio-economic policy, and the development of digital skills enhances citizens’ competitiveness, expands income sources, and strengthens social equality. Retraining programs simultaneously reinforce social protection and ensure economic stability. Within the “New Uzbekistan - 2030” strategy, human capital development and digital transformation are defined as key priorities, while the expansion of retraining centers and adaptation to modern professions are considered effective mechanisms for reducing poverty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bakiyeva Iroda Akbarovna, Azamatova Zarina Adham qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON ECONOMIC WELL-BEING AND POPULATION INCOMES
This article analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the economy and population income. During the research, the essence of artificial intelligence, its stages of development, and its role in the economy were studied. The article also highlights the impact of artificial intelligence on increasing labor productivity, reducing production costs, creating new jobs, and raising the income level of the population. In addition, both the positive and negative aspects of artificial intelligence are examined, including the reduction of certain occupations, the growth of income inequality, and issues related to the digital divide. The reforms being implemented in Uzbekistan to develop artificial intelligence and the digital economy, as well as their influence on public welfare, are also discussed. The results of the study show that the effective use of artificial intelligence technologies is an important factor in increasing population income, accelerating economic growth, and creating new economic opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ro‘zimurodova Dilroz Ravshan qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR ENSURING RURAL EMPLOYMENT: STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
This article analyzes the long-term strategic framework for ensuring employment of the rural population in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the migration of intersectoral labor resources and transformation processes. Based on the latest macroeconomic and demographic indicators for the period 2021–2025, trends in the rural labor market were assessed at the macro, meso and micro levels. The study examined the employment efficiency of agro-industrial clusters, the "Makhallabay" mechanism and "green" jobs using economic and mathematical methods. At the end of the article, long-term strategic proposals were developed to reduce informal employment in rural areas and diversify the economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xayitov Abdimannon Buxarovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN ENSURING THE STABILITY OF POPULATION INCOMES IN REGIONS
This article theoretically and practically investigates the role of human capital in ensuring the stability of population incomes across regions. The study analyzes the impact of the core components of human capital – education, healthcare, professional qualifications, labor productivity, and digital competencies – on the formation of population incomes. Furthermore, the dynamics of change in per capita real total incomes and the evolution of the Gini index representing income inequality across the regions of Uzbekistan during 2020–2025 are examined. The research findings revealed significant disparities in income levels between regions. Concurrently, it was identified that in regions with a higher level of human capital development, population incomes are also formed at a higher level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iskandarova Dilafruz Ikrom qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE SHADOW ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON POPULATION INCOMES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF UZBEKISTAN
This article empirically investigates the impact of the shadow economy on the incomes of the population in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes regional annual panel data covering the years 2015–2023. The Fixed Effects model, dynamic panel analysis (System GMM), robustness checks, and quantile regression are applied as the primary econometric approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atadjanov Qadamboy Sapayevich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FISCAL POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
This article scientifically analyzes the role of human and social capital in the economic growth process under modern economic conditions and their relationship with fiscal policy. In the study, the direction of state budget expenditures on education, healthcare, and science is assessed as an important factor in the formation and development of human capital. Also, social capital is considered as an important resource that influences economic development through mutual trust, cooperation, and institutional relations in society. The research results show that supporting social spheres through fiscal policy contributes to the sustainable development of the country's economy, the expansion of innovative activity, and increased labor productivity.
Yaxshimuratova Khasiyat Khudaybergenovna
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaxshimuratova Xasiyat Xudaybergenovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEADERSHIP IN THE ALGORITHMIC ERA: NEW SKILLS MANAGERS NEED FOR AI GOVERNANCE
The rapid incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into business processes has changed managerial functions drastically across nearly all sectors. This theoretical study seeks to determine what competencies leaders need to have in order to successfully govern AI within their organizations today. Utilising a systematic narrative review of 34 different types of research documents – such as peer-reviewed journal articles, practitioner reports, government policy documents and foundational monographs published from 2015-2024 – we present the Algorithmic Leadership Competency (ALC) Model as our contribution. The ALC Model consists of three domains: (1) Algorithmic Literacy, (2) Ethical Accountability, and (3) Human-Centered Facilitation. These three competency areas are interrelated and mutually supportive. The ALC Model is theoretically grounded in the organizational behaviour, data science ethics, and AI governance literature and mapped to existing empirical studies as well as significant regulatory frameworks, including the newly developed European Union AI Act (2024). We also consider the evidence supporting each competency area, compare the ALC Model to previous frameworks and outline implications for leadership development programs, HR policies and organisation-wide AI governance structures. This study recognises certain limitations including the lack of primary empirical data and presents a structured agenda for future quantitative and qualitative research to validate the ALC model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sirojiddinova Shahrizoda Davronovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING INCLUSIVE HIGHER EDUCATION: FACULTY INSIGHTS ON DIGITAL AND ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of digital and assistive technologies in promoting inclusive higher education in Uzbekistan and explores faculty perspectives on their implementation. The study is based on survey data collected from 823 university instructors with diverse academic backgrounds and professional experiences. Key factors such as knowledge of inclusive education, training in assistive technologies, experience with technology use, and accessibility of digital learning platforms were analyzed. Logit and probit models were employed to identify determinants influencing the adaptation of learning materials for students with special educational needs. The findings reveal that awareness of inclusive education, participation in assistive technology training, frequency of technology use, and platform accessibility significantly increase the likelihood of adopting inclusive teaching practices. The study highlights the importance of strengthening faculty competencies, expanding access to assistive technologies, and improving digital infrastructure to foster equitable learning environments. The results provide valuable evidence for policymakers, educational institutions, and researchers seeking to advance inclusive higher education and ensure equal educational opportunities for all students in Uzbekistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isayev Kobiljon Abdukodirovich, Qurbanov Azizbek G‘ulom oʻgʻli, Nazirova Shaxzoda Xayrullo qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS'LEADERSHIP SKILLS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ITS APPLICATION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the best practices of foreign higher education institutions in developing leadership competencies among students and scientifically substantiates the possibilities of their transformation into the education system of Uzbekistan. The research employs methods of comparative-logical analysis, interpretation of regulatory documents, and conceptual synthesis. The results confirm the effectiveness of the competency-based approach, the mentoring institute, and the project-based learning (PBL) system. As a scientific novelty of the study, criteria and a methodological model for adapting foreign experience to the national educational environment are proposed.
Copyright (c) 2026 G’oyipnazarov Sanjar Bahodirovich, Qurbonova Nafisa Muhiddin qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE DIGITAL SKILLS GAP IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN: A DIFFERENTIATED POLICY MODEL FOR K-3 CLUSTER REGIONS
This article analyzes the problem of youth unemployment and the digital skills gap in the Republic of Karakalpakstan based on official statistical data for 2020–2025. The study proposes a differential policy model for the K-3 cluster regions (Chimbay, Kegeyli, Amudarya, Ellikkala, and Nukus districts). Karakalpakstan is one of the developing regions of Uzbekistan, where the Aral Sea ecological crisis, limited infrastructure, and structural imbalances in the labor market significantly constrain the economic activity of young people. Based on a cluster approach, the article develops a specific system of measures for digital literacy, vocational retraining, and entrepreneurship support tailored to each region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Madraimov Xabibulla Madaminovich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC SERVICES DEVELOPMENT
This article investigates contemporary directions in the digital transformation of labor relations within the context of electronic public administration development. It examines the theoretical foundations of digitalizing state regulation in the labor sphere, the specifics of integrating digital technologies into the public service delivery system, and the prerequisites for utilizing intelligent digital services to counsel the population on employment issues and labor legislation. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the results of a sociological study conducted among the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan, aimed at identifying the most sought-after domains for digital advisory services in labor relations. The study surveyed 2344 respondents, enabling the assessment of public awareness regarding labor legislation, the most prevalent challenges encountered when interacting with government bodies, and citizens' readiness to adopt digital services driven by artificial intelligence technologies. The findings demonstrate a high demand for digital consulting tools capable of providing rapid access to information on labor rights, employment, social guarantees, and worker protection mechanisms. The study concludes with the necessity of further developing intelligent digital platforms within the sphere of social and labor relations regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irmatova Aziza Baxramovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF IMPROVING RURAL EMPLOYMENT REGULATION
This article analyzes the problems of ensuring population employment and improving the mechanisms of labor market regulation in rural areas of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Within the framework of the study, macroeconomic and demographic indicators for the period 2021–2025 are examined, and structural changes in the rural labor market, problems of informal employment, and the role of digitalization processes in the agricultural sector are evaluated. Scientific perspectives of domestic and foreign scholars after 2020 are synthesized, and scientific-practical proposals are developed for creating stable jobs in rural areas and supporting family entrepreneurship.
MARKETING DEVELOPMENT AND THE ESSENCE OF ENTERPRISE PERSONNEL MARKETING
This article examines modern trends in marketing development and the theoretical and practical aspects of personnel marketing in enterprises. The role of the marketing concept in business activities, its importance in increasing competitiveness, and the significance of personnel marketing in effective human resource management are analyzed. In addition, the main functions of personnel marketing, including employee attraction, selection, development, and motivation processes, are studied from a marketing perspective. Based on the research findings, recommendations are proposed for improving marketing activities and effectively implementing personnel marketing mechanisms to enhance labor productivity, retain qualified employees, and strengthen the market position of enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMPONENTS OF THE ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT MARKETING SYSTEM
This article examines the structure and classification of the components of the marketing system in enterprise development. The study analyzes the interrelationships among key elements of the marketing system, including market research, product policy, pricing, distribution channels, marketing communications, and customer relationship management. The functional, organizational, and strategic classification of marketing system components is presented, highlighting their role in enhancing enterprise competitiveness, expanding market share, and ensuring sustainable development. The findings indicate that an effectively organized marketing system strengthens an enterprise’s ability to adapt to market demands, stimulates innovation, and improves overall economic efficiency.
METHODOLOGY OF STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS AND ITS APPLICATION IN MARKETING STRATEGIES
This abstract analyzes the methodology of statistical assessment of the role of tourism in the economy and its application in marketing strategies. It highlights international standard methods used to evaluate the direct, indirect, and multiplicative impacts of tourism, including Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) and the coefficient method.
ENHANCING UNIVERSITY FUNDING IN CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIC APPROACHES
This study examines the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in improving the financial sustainability of higher education institutions in Central Asia. The research is based on a conceptual-analytical approach that integrates CSR, higher education finance, and corporate–academic partnerships. The findings show that universities in the region face a significant funding gap, with public expenditure remaining below global averages. At the same time, CSR resources are underutilized and mainly directed toward short-term and low-impact activities. The study identifies a “philanthropic trap” that limits the effectiveness of CSR in higher education. To address this issue, a multi-level framework is proposed, explaining how CSR can be transformed into a strategic and governance-based mechanism. The results highlight the importance of institutional conditions, particularly governance quality and autonomy, in determining the effectiveness of CSR. The study provides theoretical contributions and practical recommendations for improving university financing and long-term institutional development.
THE IMPACT OF LABOR MOBILITY ON THE LEVEL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP-BASED EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION
From the perspective of labor economics, the article examines labor mobility—the free movement of labor across occupations, industries, regions, and countries—as a leading factor influencing the level of entrepreneurship-based employment among the population. The paper theoretically and empirically establishes four main channels of labor mobility that shape entrepreneurial employment: the transfer of savings and skills, the transformation of remittances into startup capital, the orientation of occupational mobility toward self-employment, and digital (virtual) mobility. A comparative analysis of Central Asian countries was conducted based on data from the World Bank, the International Labour Organization, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and the national statistics of Uzbekistan. Across the regions of Uzbekistan, the correlation between reliance on remittances and employment in small businesses was identified, and policy proposals aimed at promoting mobility were developed.