scientific electronic journal
MARKETING DEVELOPMENT AND THE ESSENCE OF ENTERPRISE PERSONNEL MARKETING
This article examines modern trends in marketing development and the theoretical and practical aspects of personnel marketing in enterprises. The role of the marketing concept in business activities, its importance in increasing competitiveness, and the significance of personnel marketing in effective human resource management are analyzed. In addition, the main functions of personnel marketing, including employee attraction, selection, development, and motivation processes, are studied from a marketing perspective. Based on the research findings, recommendations are proposed for improving marketing activities and effectively implementing personnel marketing mechanisms to enhance labor productivity, retain qualified employees, and strengthen the market position of enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMPONENTS OF THE ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT MARKETING SYSTEM
This article examines the structure and classification of the components of the marketing system in enterprise development. The study analyzes the interrelationships among key elements of the marketing system, including market research, product policy, pricing, distribution channels, marketing communications, and customer relationship management. The functional, organizational, and strategic classification of marketing system components is presented, highlighting their role in enhancing enterprise competitiveness, expanding market share, and ensuring sustainable development. The findings indicate that an effectively organized marketing system strengthens an enterprise’s ability to adapt to market demands, stimulates innovation, and improves overall economic efficiency.
METHODOLOGY OF STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS AND ITS APPLICATION IN MARKETING STRATEGIES
This abstract analyzes the methodology of statistical assessment of the role of tourism in the economy and its application in marketing strategies. It highlights international standard methods used to evaluate the direct, indirect, and multiplicative impacts of tourism, including Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) and the coefficient method.
ENHANCING UNIVERSITY FUNDING IN CENTRAL ASIA THROUGH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND STRATEGIC APPROACHES
This study examines the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in improving the financial sustainability of higher education institutions in Central Asia. The research is based on a conceptual-analytical approach that integrates CSR, higher education finance, and corporate–academic partnerships. The findings show that universities in the region face a significant funding gap, with public expenditure remaining below global averages. At the same time, CSR resources are underutilized and mainly directed toward short-term and low-impact activities. The study identifies a “philanthropic trap” that limits the effectiveness of CSR in higher education. To address this issue, a multi-level framework is proposed, explaining how CSR can be transformed into a strategic and governance-based mechanism. The results highlight the importance of institutional conditions, particularly governance quality and autonomy, in determining the effectiveness of CSR. The study provides theoretical contributions and practical recommendations for improving university financing and long-term institutional development.
THE IMPACT OF LABOR MOBILITY ON THE LEVEL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP-BASED EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION
From the perspective of labor economics, the article examines labor mobility—the free movement of labor across occupations, industries, regions, and countries—as a leading factor influencing the level of entrepreneurship-based employment among the population. The paper theoretically and empirically establishes four main channels of labor mobility that shape entrepreneurial employment: the transfer of savings and skills, the transformation of remittances into startup capital, the orientation of occupational mobility toward self-employment, and digital (virtual) mobility. A comparative analysis of Central Asian countries was conducted based on data from the World Bank, the International Labour Organization, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and the national statistics of Uzbekistan. Across the regions of Uzbekistan, the correlation between reliance on remittances and employment in small businesses was identified, and policy proposals aimed at promoting mobility were developed.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTITIES IN REGIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TASHKENT CITY AND TASHKENT REGION)
The article examines the economic mechanisms for the development of small business entities and their regional effectiveness using the example of Tashkent city and the Tashkent region. The study provides a comparative analysis of industrial production volumes and employment dynamics for the period 2020–2024, evaluating financial, tax, and institutional support tools. Based on the findings, scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are formulated to enhance the role of small entrepreneurship in regional economic growth.
MODELING PRODUCTION PROCESSES USING THE COBB-DOUGLAS FUNCTION
This paper examines the construction of a Cobb-Douglas production function taking into account two enterprise production factors. The adequacy of the resulting production function with the initial data is verified using the Fisher criterion. The constructed production function is analyzed using indicators of average and marginal resource efficiency, elasticity of output depending on resource consumption, and a forecast of future production volumes is made based on resource combinations. Isoquants and isoclines for the Cobb-Douglas production function are considered.
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE MODES OF TRANSPORT ON THE ECONOMY
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms for developing environmentally sustainable transport systems. It analyzes the impact of transport infrastructure investments on regional economic development, broader economic and spatial consequences (WEIs and WSIs), as well as international experiences in shaping sustainable transport policies. The study employs modern methodologies such as cost–benefit analysis (CBA), multi-criteria analysis (MCA), accessibility modeling, econometric evaluation methods, and computable general equilibrium models (CGE/SCGE). The results indicate that developing sustainable transport systems requires a comprehensive consideration of environmental, economic, and social factors, which is particularly relevant in the context of Uzbekistan, specifically in the case of Khorezm region.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTITIES THROUGH DIGITAL PLATFORMS
The rapid development of the digital economy has significantly transformed traditional business models and created new opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Digital platforms play an important role in expanding market access, improving communication with customers, and increasing operational efficiency for small businesses. This study examines the theoretical foundations of the development of SMEs through digital platforms and analyzes how digital technologies reshape entrepreneurial activities. The research highlights the advantages of digital platforms such as access to global markets, data-driven marketing, improved resource allocation, and stronger connections between investors, workers, businesses, and customers. At the same time, the study emphasizes the challenges faced by SMEs, including limited financial resources, insufficient technological knowledge, and dependence on platform ecosystems. The findings show that digital platforms can create a virtual ecosystem that integrates various stakeholders and supports innovation, employment opportunities, and business growth. The study concludes that strategic adoption of digital technologies and platform-based business models is essential for strengthening the competitiveness and sustainable development of small businesses in the modern digital environment.
THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN PROVIDING EMPLOYMENT TO THE POPULATION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of small businesses and private entrepreneurship in providing employment in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the economic and institutional factors that contribute to the development of small entrepreneurship and job creation. Particular attention is paid to government support for small businesses, financial mechanisms for stimulating entrepreneurial activity, and their impact on the labor market. The study utilized methods of economic analysis, comparative analysis of statistical data, and a systems approach. The results demonstrate that small businesses are a key factor in ensuring employment and sustainable economic development in the country. It has been established that expanding access to financial resources, improving the institutional environment, and developing entrepreneurial infrastructure contribute to increased employment and improved well-being.
ECONOMETRICS OF EXTREME VALUES IN ESTIMATING THE PML INDICATOR IN NATURAL CATASTROPHE (NATCAT) REINSURANCE
This research investigates the econometric modeling of the Possible Maximum Loss (PML) indicator to ensure the financial stability of the Uzbekistan insurance market under global climate change. Considering the specific agricultural and seismic risks of Uzbekistan, an integrated approach of Extreme Value Theory (EVT) and Quantile Regression is proposed. Analysis of NAPP and SNS Ratings data revealed that traditional methods underestimate risk by up to 24%. The paper provides scientifically grounded proposals for adapting the national insurance system to Solvency II international standards and optimizing reinsurance capital allocation.
THE ROLE OF HR ANALYTICS IN ENSURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article explores the role of HR analytics in the strategic management of enterprises within the digital economy. The importance of data-driven management models in enhancing human capital efficiency is analyzed. The study develops scientific and practical recommendations for integrating HR metrics into strategic decision-making and optimizing personnel policy through predictive analytics.
IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CIVIL SERVICE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS FOR UZBEKISTAN
This article presents a comparative analysis of the organizational and economic mechanisms for human resource development in the civil service, based on international experience and Uzbekistan’s national context. The research explores the degree of institutional linkage between mechanisms of evaluation, development, and incentives. The study analyzes the results of a quota-stratified survey (n=921) conducted in February 2026 in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Namangan, Andijan, and Tashkent regions, and the city of Tashkent, covering employees in the economy, social sector, tax system, and representatives of the mahalla institution. The methods used include institutional analysis, comparative approach, and normative-legal review. Findings show that 15.3% of employees in organizations with formal evaluation systems reported not receiving training recommendations aligned with their performance results, while 33.7% cited lack of time for professional development. Based on this, an integrated organizational-economic approach to human resource development is proposed.
THE ROLE OF GERMANY'S MIGRATION POLICY IN SECURING THE NATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the impact of the Federal Republic of Germany's migration policy on the practical implementation of the national interests of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Through a comprehensive analysis of bilateral agreements, official documents, and published expert assessments, the study examines the challenges and opportunities that arise from the migration partnership between the two countries. Particular attention is given to the 2025 Agreement on a Comprehensive Partnership in Migration and Mobility. The article considers the significance of this agreement for economic development and demographic policy, as well as for Uzbekistan's positioning on the international stage.
THE ROLE OF STATE POLICY IN POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENSURING YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
The article examined the role of state policy in reducing poverty and ensuring youth employment in the context of modern globalization. The study analyzed the effectiveness of investing in human capital, education and skills development, progressive taxes, social programs, microcredit, and targeted programs.
ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION OF THE POPULATION OF NAMANGAN REGION BY INCOME LEVEL
This article presents a statistical analysis of the distribution of income indicators of the population of the Namangan region. The distribution of population income and the degree of social stratification were studied based on the Gini and Lorenz indices. A comprehensive empirical analysis of time series of population income indicators was carried out, descriptive statistics were determined, the normal distribution of the series was tested using the Jarque-Bera test, and stationarity was tested using the autocorrelation function and the Dickey-Fuller test. An AR model was constructed using data from 2014-2025 to forecast population incomes.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION BY REGIONS
This article analyzes the level of socio-economic development of the regions of Uzbekistan using key statistical indicators. During the research, indicators such as gross regional product, share of economically active population, employment rate, average income per capita, real income growth, and poverty rate were studied. The results of the analysis showed that there are certain differences in the level of socio-economic development between regions. While some regions have high economic potential, income, and employment rates, other regions have low levels of these indicators. Based on the results of the research, scientific conclusions were drawn on reducing socio-economic disparities between regions and ensuring regional development.
DIGITAL SILK ROAD AND UZBEKISTAN: INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADING, INCLUSION, AND DIGITAL SERVICES GROWTH
This article explores how the Digital Silk Road agenda aligns with Uzbekistan’s national digital transformation efforts. It focuses on telecom infrastructure upgrades, territorial inclusion, and expanding digital service markets. The study aims to clarify how infrastructure investments connect to service sector growth and inclusive access, while offering practical policy suggestions for ongoing innovation. The methodology includes document and policy analysis, a descriptive-comparative review of official statistics and open data, and a framework mapping the pathway from infrastructure to services, human capital, and institutional trust. Results indicate that improvements in connectivity have boosted online service adoption, increased telecom output, and expanded digital access beyond major cities. However, these advances also pose governance challenges related to competition, cybersecurity, and data management. The article recommends targeted last-mile investments, pro-competition access policies, enhanced cyber and data governance, and digital logistics solutions to promote trade and reduce regional digital disparities.
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN PARTICIPATION IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON ITS FUNCTIONAL ROLE AND INSTITUTIONAL POSITION IN THE REPRODUCTION PROCESS
The article analyzes human participation in the economic system in terms of its functional role and institutional position in the reproductive process, including female human capital. The proposed phase-by-phase classification of participation provides a detailed analysis of the formation, accumulation and realization of human capital, allows us to identify the features of the involvement of various social groups and assess the impact of each phase on economic development, social well-being and the development of effective institutional and managerial measures for the reproduction of human capital.
IMPROVEMENT OF REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical, scientific, and practical foundations of human capital management in improving the socioeconomic and innovative development of a region. This paper examines the theoretical and practical foundations of management relationships arising during the implementation of regional socioeconomic policy and the effective management of human capital for the benefit of the region's innovative development based on human capital management, as well as the maximum utilization of internal and external investment resources in the formation of the region's human capital, as measured by the Human Development Index.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
The article describes the factors affecting the efficiency indicators in the education system, organizational and economic issues encountered in increasing efficiency, financing issues, problems and their significance. At the same time, analytical approaches are presented to the projects being implemented to increase efficiency in educational institutions, the efficiency of financial resources, existing problems in increasing innovative potential and their solutions.
FACTORS AFFECTING DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN AZERBAIJAN AND OPPORTUNITIES TO USE THEM
This study provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of demographic development in Azerbaijan, with a particular focus on identifying the key structural determinants shaping demographic processes. Drawing on longitudinal data covering the period 1991–2024, the research examines population dynamics, urbanization trends, household structure, age composition, and core demographic indicators within an integrated analytical framework. The findings indicate that Azerbaijan is currently positioned between stages III and IV of the demographic transition, characterized by a sustained decline in fertility, accelerated urbanization, and the early emergence of population aging. The empirical results demonstrate a strong and statistically significant relationship between macroeconomic variables—particularly GDP growth, employment dynamics, and household income levels—and demographic behavior, including fertility decisions, marriage patterns, and migration trends. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a structured classification of demographic determinants, distinguishing between direct and indirect factors and revealing their systemic interdependence. Furthermore, the research provides empirical evidence of a negative relationship between economic growth and natural population increase within the national context, contributing to the ongoing debate on the economic-demographic nexus. By integrating demographic theory with country-specific empirical analysis, the study advances the understanding of demographic transition processes in emerging economies. The results offer important theoretical contributions to demographic economics and provide policy-relevant insights for designing sustainable population, labor market, and social protection strategies in Azerbaijan.
STABLE DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE REGIONAL BALANCE OF LABOR RESOURCES
Stable demographic development and the balanced territorial distribution of labor resources are important factors for economic growth and social stability. This study analyzes the interrelationship between demographic processes—such as fertility, mortality, and migration—and the distribution of labor resources. The aim of the research is to identify the factors behind regional labor market imbalances and to develop policy recommendations to mitigate them. Based on statistical and comparative analyses, the findings reveal that uneven demographic development, internal migration, and disparities in economic opportunities are the main sources of labor resource imbalances. The study also highlights the role of human capital, regional policy, and institutional mechanisms in reducing these challenges. The results indicate that achieving a balanced labor market requires coordinated measures in demographic policy, education, and employment, as well as the development of regional infrastructure and the creation of jobs.
CAUSES AND FACTORS OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOR MARKET TRANSFORMATION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the impact of globalization, digitalization, and technological advancements on economic inequality in the context of labor market transformation. It analyzes the mechanisms and factors shaping economic inequality in Uzbekistan’s labor market. Digitalization and technological changes increase the demand for highly skilled workers, while low-skilled workers lose competitiveness, and the high share of informal employment combined with insufficient social protection exacerbates income disparities. Based on empirical and international data, trends in the labor markets of Uzbekistan, CIS countries, and OECD states are compared. The study results provide scientifically grounded recommendations to reduce economic inequality through the reduction of the informal sector, enhancement of skills and digital literacy, expansion of social protection systems, and reduction of regional disparities.
THE IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON SOCIAL LABOR RELATIONS
The rapid development and implementation of digital technologies across various sectors have led to profound changes in the labor market and the sphere of social labor relations. The modern business environment is increasingly shaped by digital solutions, requiring a rethinking of the interactions between employees and employers. Factors such as remote work, flexible schedules, online labor activities, and automation are transforming labor conditions and demanding a reassessment of labor rights and protections. The main objective of this article is to examine the emerging new social labor relations influenced by digital technologies, to identify their opportunities and risks, and to explore ways to enhance the adaptability of human capital in this new environment.
WAYS TO ORGANIZE LABOR AND IMPROVE ITS EFFICIENCY IN BUDGETARY ORGANIZATIONS
This article examines the current state of labor organization in budgetary organizations of Uzbekistan, identifies existing problems, and determines ways to improve efficiency. The study is based on the results of a structured survey and observation conducted in 2022–2023, involving 215 employees and 42 managers from 8 budgetary institutions in Bukhara region (education, healthcare, and culture sectors). Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis methods were applied. The results show that wage system imbalance (82%), limited opportunities for professional development (74%), and a low level of digital tool utilization (57%) are the main factors reducing labor productivity. In institutions that implemented reforms, the labor productivity index increased by 38% over 5 years, compared to only 7% in those that did not. The article concludes with specific mechanisms and recommendations for improving labor efficiency in budgetary organizations.
ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION
This article covers the analysis of employment and unemployment of the population on the scale of the Republic. Based on the results of the analysis, proposals were made to reduce unemployment and increase the level of employment
INCREASE THE EMPLOYMENT LEVEL OF THE POPULATION IN ENSURING THE STABILITY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
This article describes the impact of economic growth on the lifestyle of the population. A system of socio-economic factors affecting youth employment has been analyzed. Scenarios for the development of the youth labor market according to socio-economic factors affecting it have been proposed. On the basis of econometric models, medium-term forecast values are developed on the main indicators that represent the standard of living of the population. Also, scientifically based proposals have been developed to increase the employment level of the population in ensuring the stability of economic growth.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION IN THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR MARKET
This article shows ways to apply the recommendations of the International Labor Organization to increase fruitful and productive employment in the country. Its calculation and analysis based on indicators of the national labor market is one of the important tasks in the fight against poverty in many countries. The current poverty in the global labor market highlights the need to calculate productive employment if there is a working population among those affected. The article describes in detail the indicators of productive employment, their analysis and the method of its calculation. Also at the end of the article, recommendations are aimed at increasing productive employment.
WAYS TO ENSURE THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION AND INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENTS IN THE FIELD OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN JIZZAKH REGION
This article highlights the possibilities of increasing the employment of the population in the field of entrepreneurship with the effectiveness of investments in the Jizzakh region. By this, the possibilities of increasing the employment of the population in the field of entrepreneurship, the efficiency of investments, the possibilities of development in the Jizzakh region on the basis of sectors are presented.