ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ БЕЗ ЗАЩИТЫ? ЧЛЕНСТВО В ЕАЭС, ПРАВА ТРУДОВЫХ МИГРАНТОВ И УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА И УЗБЕКИСТАНА (2008-2026)
Аннотация
Предполагается, что региональная экономическая интеграция защищает трудовых мигрантов, превращая неформальную мобильность в мобильность, основанную на правах. В статье это предположение проверяется путём сравнения Кыргызстана, члена Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) с 2015 г., и Узбекистана, государства-наблюдателя в ЕАЭС, граждане которого по-прежнему работают в России по патентной системе. На основе структурированного обзора литературы и сравнительно-исторического анализа трёх внешних шоков (2008-2009, 2014-2016 и 2024-2026 гг.) установлено следующее. Во-первых, «правовая премия» членства была реальной в период рублёвого кризиса: в 2015-2016 гг. численность граждан Кыргызстана в России выросла на 7,6%, тогда как численность граждан Таджикистана и Узбекистана сократилась на 10,6 и 16,3%. Во-вторых, секьюритизация, не учитывающая статус мигрантов, обратила эту премию вспять: между третьими кварталами 2024 и 2025 гг. въезды граждан Кыргызстана в Россию сократились на 23,9%, Узбекистанана 15,0%. В-третьих, членство сопровождается «ловушкой концентрации»: около 93% денежных переводов в Кыргызстан поступает из России, тогда как Узбекистан быстрее диверсифицирует направления миграции. Интеграционный статус концептуализируется как миграционный институт, защитная ценность которого зависит от политического выбора принимающего государства; предложены дизайны исследований на уровне домохозяйств и меры политики для обеих стран.Ключевые слова
Евразийский экономический союз, трудовая миграция, права мигрантов, денежные переводы, устойчивость домохозяйств, секьюритизация. 1
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